Electromigration of single-layer clusters

Single-layer atom or vacancy clusters in the presence of electromigration are studied theoretically assuming an isotropic medium. A variety of distinctive behaviors distinguish the response in the three standard limiting cases of periphery diffusion ~PD!, terrace diffusion, and evaporation-condensation. A general model provides power laws describing the size dependence of the drift velocity in these limits, consistent with established results in the case of PD. The validity of the widely used quasistatic limit is calculated. Atom and vacancy clusters drift in opposite directions in the PD limit but in the same direction otherwise. In absence of PD, linear stability analysis reveals a different type of morphological instability, not leading to island breakdown. For strong electromigration, Monte Carlo simulations show that clusters then destabilize into slits, in contrast to splitting in the PD limit. Electromigration affects the diffusion coefficient of the cluster and morphological fluctuations, the latter diverging at the instability threshold. An intrinsic attachment-detachment bias displays the same scaling signature as PD in the drift velocity.